The ability to fine-tune the reaction conditions (temperature, solvents, ligands, bases and other additives) of palladium catalysts makes palladium catalysis an extremely versatile tool in organic chemical synthesis. In heterogeneous catalysis, palladium catalysts, such as the Lindlar catalyst (or Lindlar′s Palladium), are highly efficient at facilitating selective hydrogenations, which include the conversion of triple bonds to cis-double bonds, monohydrogenation of polyolefins, and hydrogenation of azides to amines.  Furthermore, palladium catalysts have a very high tolerance of various functional groups and are often able to provide excellent stereo- and regiospecificity, which helps to avoid the need for the introduction of protecting groups.   This highly versatile group of catalysts is known for carbon bond forming reactions (primarily C–C, C–O, C–N and C–F), such as: Heck coupling, Suzuki coupling, Stille coupling, Hiyama coupling, Sonogashira coupling, Negishi coupling, and Buchwald–Hartwig amination, among others.